Leadership in the Literature: Updated Monthly

Want more articles? Contact the library for a literature search on any topic. Questions? Email us: library@allina.com

1. From discontinuity to transformation: Drucker’s wisdom for navigating today’s healthcare environment | 2025 | Journal of Healthcare Management
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
In 1969, Peter Drucker introduced the concept of an “age of discontinuity,” describing a world where predictable patterns of the past no longer defined the future (Drucker, 1969). Drucker foresaw a society characterized by rapid changes in technology, politics, economics, and organizational behavior. More than 50 years later, healthcare leaders find themselves confronting precisely the kinds of discontinuity Drucker described. From shifting political winds to technological disruptions, today’s healthcare delivery landscape demands the strategic adaptability and foresight that Drucker
championed.

2. Technology drives emerging roles in health care workforces | 2025 | NEJM Catalyst
Members of the NEJM Catalyst Insights Council describe many new and emerging roles in health care organizations, from the front lines to the C-suite.

3. Meeting future demands of acute care through the home hospital care model | 2025 | Journal of Healthcare Management
As healthcare leaders consider how to meet the challenges of the future, we must continue to evolve our view of what standard hospital care looks like. Home-based care for acute conditions is a promising model that can serve as the foundation for new and innovative programs that are capable of much more.

4. The effect of registered nurse staffing and skill mix on length of stay and hospital costs | 2025 | Nursing Outlook
Sepsis is a common cause of hospitalization among Medicare beneficiaries, often leading to prolonged hospital stays and high costs.
Better RN staffing and skill mix can improve patient outcomes and yield significant cost savings.

5.Are you really a good listener? | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
Research has shown that when employees feel heard, their engagement rises and their performance improves, delivering big benefits to their firms. Yet 117 studies on workplace listening reveal that many managers aren't good listeners. Why? Because listening is mentally taxing and demands empathy and patience. This article describes the five common causes of poor listening and explains ways to counter each. The first pitfall is haste. To avoid it, set aside distraction-free time for conversations, ask clarifying questions, seek more details, and plan follow-up discussions. The second pitfall is defensiveness. When you experience this, you need to calm your emotions, buy yourself time by restating what you've heard, and get more information before responding. The third pitfall is invisibility—not showing that you're listening. So demonstrate that you are with body language and verbal cues and by summarizing what people have told you. The fourth pitfall is exhaustion, which prevents leaders from engaging productively. Setting clear boundaries and acknowledging your limits will help you address this problem. The last pitfall is inaction. The fix here is to always close the loop: Before ending a conversation, affirm what you've heard, identify next steps, and agree on a timeline for checking back in.

6. CALM amid chaos: The art of being a team leader. A toolkit to cultivate strong emergency management skills | 2025 | Canadian Family Physician
The College of Family Physicians of Canada characterizes leadership as a primary responsibility of family physicians.1 We are expected to demonstrate leadership at all levels to provide “accessible, high-quality, comprehensive, and continuous first-contact health care”1 to patients. The clinical environment often presents intense challenges for family physicians, amplified by limited resources, personnel, and specialized services. Additionally, as many family physicians work in high-acuity areas like emergency or urgent care departments, or as hospitalists, this framework is highly applicable.

Despite the need for strong leadership skills in these high-stress situations, formal leadership training was not offered during my medical education journey. This gap underscores the importance of family physicians developing their own effective stress management techniques to better support and lead teams in times of crisis.

7. Exploring the core of emotional intelligence in healthcare leadership: A concept analysis | 2025 | Journal of Advanced Nursing
Emotional intelligence in healthcare leadership contributes to better performing organisations, as emotionally capable leaders can inspire and empower their employees. Holistic management of organisational duties and people-oriented leadership is a crucial resource in healthcare organisations. Well-being and workplace resources can be vitally important for leaders to manifest emotional intelligence in their work.

Multimedia

1. Leading from within: Cultivating effective leadership and followership in health care | 2025 | NEJM Catalyst Conversation | Audio + Transcript
The integration of effective leadership practices in health care is essential for improving outcomes and fostering a collaborative environment. In this dialogue, James Mountford, Editor-in-Chief of BMJ Leader, discusses the distinction between “leading” as an action and “leadership” as a position, emphasizing that everyone can contribute to leading within their sphere, regardless of rank. The conversation explores the concept of followership and the importance of cultivating good followers who support leaders while maintaining shared values. Mountford highlights the need for clarity in leadership roles and the significance of mobilizing teams around a common vision. He argues that effective leadership is a practice that requires engagement and reflection, rather than merely theoretical training. As health care systems navigate complexities, understanding these dynamics will be crucial for enhancing service delivery and achieving better patient outcomes.

2. Reaffirming the heart of nursing | 2025 | Nursing Management Podcast | Video
For Nurses Month, Dr. Tim Porter-O'Grady joins us to talk about reaffirming the heart of nursing: a focus on humanity and caring. 

Want more articles? Contact the library for a literature search on any topic. Questions? Email us: library@allina.com

1. The power of mattering at work | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
Quiet quitting, the Great Resignation, chronically low engagement numbers, increasing numbers of labor disputes, demands for equity and dignity in the workplace—business leaders have been warily watching these trends for years and fighting each fire separately. But the trends continue, because leaders are missing the underlying problem that connects these symptoms: Many employees don't feel that they matter to their employers, bosses, and colleagues. Mattering—a mainstay concept in psychology—is the experience of feeling significant to those around us because we feel valued and know that we add value. In this article the author shows leaders how to apply this concept in the workplace. First, leaders need to truly see and hear team members during daily interactions. They must also regularly affirm their people's significance. And finally, senior leaders need to scale these skills up to the organizational level so that mattering becomes a cultural norm. These behaviors may seem like common sense, but they've ceased to be common practice in a world of brief digital communications and condescension toward soft skills, and they're well worth relearning. The article includes three activities leaders can use to get started. 

2. Insights report: How to improve poor patient health literacy | 2025 | NEJM Catalyst
Acknowledging the importance of health literacy for patient care, members of the NEJM Catalyst Insights Council discuss who is responsible and how to improve health literacy.

3. Alleviating bedside nurse burden: A virtual nursing program | 2025 | Nurse Leader
The virtual nursing program was created in response to nursing workforce shortages. The rapid implementation leveraged current telehealth registered nurses and utilized existing technology and equipment, all while maintaining budget neutrality. The program created an integrated care model that enhanced patient and registered nurses satisfaction, throughput, turnover, and vacancy and demonstrated a financial impact. The conclusion of the pilot is that it is not a one-size-fits-all approach. Different hospitals and communities have different needs. For sustainable growth, having robust frameworks, operational procedures, program methodologies, and defined metrics is essential.

4. Exploring the core of emotional intelligence in healthcare leadership: A concept analysis | 2025 | Journal of Advanced Nursing
Concept analysis identified defining attributes of emotional intelligence in healthcare leadership, including leadership qualities, management competencies, and sets of leadership styles which were related to supportive and transformational leadership behaviour. The antecedents were socio-demographic factors, well-being, and workplace resources. Finally, employee-, manager-, organisation- and patient-related consequences were identified, such as the well-being of both employees and managers, organisational performance and patient care quality.

5. Creating and sustaining a culture of inquiry and research | 2025 | The Journal of Nursing Administration
Today's nursing leaders have complex roles. One of the expectations of the nurse executive is to create a workplace culture supporting nurses and exemplary nursing practice. In Magnet ® environments, creating this kind of culture is not enough. Nurse executives in Magnet-designated organizations must create and sustain cultures supporting inquiry and research. This column reviews some key actions that nurse executives can undertake to make a culture of inquiry and research a reality.

6. Second term policy changes signal a shift: Guidance for leaders through a fluctuating landscape | Healthcare Executive 
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
All eyes have been on Washington, D.C., as the Trump administration implements numerous policy changes. Context is key for understanding how these changes will impact the U.S. healthcare system.

7. Managing the sudden critical shortage of intravenous fluids | NEJM Catalyst 
In the wake of Hurricane Helene in late September 2024, hospitals across the United States were faced with a sudden shortage of intravenous fluid (IVF). The deadly Atlantic storm damaged a major IVF manufacturing facility in North Carolina, halting production and creating a sudden supply chain crisis. At Luminis Health, a hospital system based in Annapolis and Lanham, Maryland, Incident Command orchestrated a swift, multidisciplinary response that allowed for minimal disruption to the flow of patient care. Interventions included adjustments to perioperative protocols, daily reviews of clinical necessity, and an emphasis on oral hydration. Hospital inventory data were used to compare IVF use before and after the shortage. The incident reporting system and patient discharge surveys were analyzed to assess for potential harm. Incidences of potentially preventable renal failure and acquired hyponatremia were evaluated in retrospect. The hospital system saw a 60% (P<0.001) reduction in IVF use on implementation of the shortage protocols. Notably, implementation revealed important opportunities to reevaluate systemic processes and improve value in certain standard-of-care practices. The reduction was sustained and allowed the hospital system to continue all elective procedures after only 1 day of delay. The few adverse events related to the protocol changes that had been reported were resolved. Of the patients with plausible protocol-attributed renal failure, none required dialysis, and all improved toward baseline prior to discharge. Analysis showed no increase in acquired hyponatremia during the shortage, when compared with the year prior. The protocols enacted for IVF management serve as a blueprint for other hospital systems to follow in the case of future supply chain interruptions and highlight areas for standard system improvement without compromising patient care.

8. What people get wrong about psychological safety | Harvard Business Review
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
Psychological safety—a shared belief among team members that it's OK to speak up with candor—has become a popular concept. However, as its popularity has grown, so too have misconceptions about it. Such misunderstandings can lead to frustration among leaders and employees, stymie constructive debates, and ultimately harm organizational performance. In this article the authors identify the following six common misperceptions: Psychological safety means being nice; it means getting your way; it means job security; it requires a trade-off with performance; it's a policy; and it requires a top-down approach. They explain why each misperception gets in the way and give advice on how to counter it. They also offer leaders a blueprint for building the kind of strong, learning-oriented work environment that is crucial for success in an uncertain world. Leaders should clearly communicate what psychological safety is and what it isn't, and take steps to improve the quality of conversations and to establish structures and rituals that will help teams assess their progress in building a psychologically safe environment.

Multimedia

1.  The conversations you should be having with your manager | 2025 | HBR IdeaCast (podcast)
As you advance in your career, you develop the skills to lead teams and manage direct reports. But no matter your role or seniority, you’ll always need to manage those above you and to develop the right relationships to progress. The secret to managing up, says Melody Wilding, is being strategic and thoughtful in several key kinds of conversations with your boss and boss’s boss—including finding alignment, setting boundaries, getting visibility for your work, and winning a promotion. She explains how the effort pays off both in future opportunities and your day-to-day satisfaction on the job.

2. Why AI is our ultimate test and greatest invitation | 2025 | Ted Talks (video)
Technologist Tristan Harris has an urgent question: What if the way we’re deploying the world’s most powerful technology — artificial intelligence — isn’t inevitable, but a choice? In this eye-opening talk, he calls on us to learn from the mistakes of social media’s catastrophic rollout and confront the predictable dangers of reckless AI development, offering a “narrow path” where power is matched with responsibility, foresight and wisdom.

1. Why should leaders be open about their flaws? | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
For decades, leaders have prioritized projecting strength and perfection, but research suggests that authenticity is more effective in building trust and engagement. Studies show that when leaders voluntarily disclose relatable weaknesses, they are perceived as more genuine without sacrificing competence or warmth. This shift from "Image Is Everything" to "Authenticity Is King" fosters stronger connections, enhances cooperation, and ultimately benefits both leaders and their teams.

2. CDC's funding for state and local public health: How much and where does it go? | 2025 | KFF
Federal funding has long been a major source of support for public health efforts across the United States, estimated to account for more than half of state and local health department budgets. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the primary public health agency of the federal government, provides much of this funding, helping to support public health systems and activities across the country. However, CDC and other federal health agencies are being targeted by the Trump administration for downsizing and budget cuts, reductions that could impact the amount of funding available for public health. To better understand how much CDC funding is provided to state and local jurisdictions, we analyzed FY 2023 funding obligation data (see Methods and Appendix 1).

3. A leader’s guide to transforming care delivery and improving nurse well-being | 2025 | Nurse Leader
This article highlights learnings from an Institute for Healthcare Improvement project funded by the Johnson & Johnson Foundation exploring innovative nurse-led acute care delivery solutions to promote a thriving workforce. Pilot sites tested virtual care delivery, innovative technologies, and creative use of resources. Results included a 7.78% increase in “I love my job,” time savings and reduced burden for staff, feelings of enhanced support, creation of new opportunities for nurses, increased staff engagement, and improved patient outcomes. A related toolkit offers strategic insights and resources to assist organizations in redesigning care delivery to support the nursing workforce.

4. What sets inspirational leaders apart? | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
When people around the world are asked to reflect on both inspiring leaders and infuriating leaders, they point to three factors that distinguish the former from the latter. Inspiring leaders are visionary: They see the big picture and offer an optimistic, meaningful view of the future. This fulfills the human need for meaning and purpose. Inspiring leaders are exemplars of desired behavior: They are calm and courageous protectors, authentically passionate, extremely competent but also humble. This fulfills the human need for protection and passion. Finally, inspiring leaders are great mentors: They empower, encourage, and are empathetic toward others, but they also challenge others to be the best version of themselves. This fulfills the human need for support and status. Each of us can develop the capacity to be inspiring in all three dimensions of leadership. For example, to get into a visionary state of mind, use strategies that broaden your perspective: reflecting on your core values, considering your past and the winding road that led to your present, and vividly imagining the future. To prime the exemplar pump, think of a time when you had power, when you felt secure and in control, when you were your best self. And to shift into a mentor state of mind, work to learn from those below you in the hierarchy.

5. Pathways to improved quality and safety | 2025 | Healthcare Executive
(Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
The article focuses on how healthcare organizations are advancing quality and safety through innovative initiatives that produce measurable outcomes. Topics include Northwestern Medicine's interdisciplinary quality improvement training program (AQSI), Kaiser Permanente Northern California's predictive Advance Alert Monitor system, and the Veterans Health Administration's use of the Surgical Pause to improve care for frail surgical patients.

6. Screening and intervention to prevent violence against health professionals from hospitalized patients: A pilot study | 2024 | Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety
Health care providers, particularly nursing staff, are at risk of physical or emotional abuse from patients. This abuse has been associated with increased use of physical and pharmacological restraints on patients, poor patient outcomes, high staff turnover, and reduced job satisfaction.

Multimedia

1. In search of work-life balance | 2025 | The Pulse (podcast)
Our jobs can provide us with a sense of identity, connection, and meaning — but they can also feel like a never-ending to-do list that gets in the way of actually living. On this episode, we explore work-life balance: When do we find meaning in our careers, and when do we not? And how do we set healthy boundaries between our jobs and our personal lives?

2. What all leaders can learn from Taylor Swift | 2025 | HBR IdeaCast (podcast)
Whether you’re a fan of Taylor Swift or not, no one can deny her success as both a music star and businesswoman. Her career has been a masterclass in everything from customer connection to innovation, decision-making to digital adaption, offering lessons for people in any industry. HBR senior editor Kevin Evers investigated Swift’s rise and evolution for his new book, There’s Nothing Like This: The Strategic Genius of Taylor Swift, and found interesting patterns. He explains how she’s kept audiences loyal, why her Eras tour was so successful, and the vision and “productive paranoia” that have kept her on top. Evers also wrote the HBR article “The Strategic Genius of Taylor Swift.”

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services.
 

1. What sets inspirational leaders apart? | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   When people around the world are asked to reflect on both inspiring leaders and infuriating leaders, they point to three factors that distinguish the former from the latter. Inspiring leaders are visionary: They see the big picture and offer an optimistic, meaningful view of the future. This fulfills the human need for meaning and purpose. Inspiring leaders are exemplars of desired behavior: They are calm and courageous protectors, authentically passionate, extremely competent but also humble. This fulfills the human need for protection and passion. Finally, inspiring leaders are great mentors: They empower, encourage, and are empathetic toward others, but they also challenge others to be the best version of themselves. This fulfills the human need for support and status. Each of us can develop the capacity to be inspiring in all three dimensions of leadership.
    
2. What's the role of kindness in the healthcare context? A scoping review | 2025 | BMC Health Serv Res
   The role of kindness in healthcare is receiving increased attention. Indeed, international research shows that a culture of kindness has a positive impact on healthcare organizations, healthcare staff members, and patients. Benefits include better patient outcomes, as well as a humanized work environment, which helps to prevent stress and burnout among healthcare workers. Studies across different settings suggest that healthcare managers need to foster not only technical and organizational skills, but also social skills such as empathy and kindness. The purpose of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the current research landscape regarding initiatives based on acts of kindness in healthcare organizations. We will also explore whether this is a topic of interest to academics, which countries have conducted the most research on the subject, the practical implications for healthcare management, and potential directions for future research.
    
3. Who are you as a leader? | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   Social scientists have recently developed a new appreciation for how your conception of yourself can affect your professional and personal lives. The good news is that recent research has shown that you can curate your identity in the workplace in ways that will improve your performance as a leader, the trust you're able to inspire in others, and even your overall well-being. The author discusses this research, including some of his own, and presents best practices for curating a multifaceted identity that will serve you well professionally and personally. At the center of this approach is the construction of what Ingram calls the identity map—a simple device that allows people to identify, visualize, and ultimately leverage the many interconnected elements that make up their sense of who they are. 
    
4. Driving for results: Building a partnership-driven leadership model for recruiting and retaining Black newly licensed registered nurses | 2025 | Nurse Leader
   A health care system in the Southeastern United States explored the impact of nursing education, recruitment, and strategic initiatives focusing on Black newly licensed registered nurses (BNLRNs). Strategies included recruiting from Historically Black Colleges and Universities, cultivating academic-practice partnerships, infusing diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging into the Nurse Residency Program curriculum, creating formal mentoring programs, and health system inclusion council initiatives. Outcomes included an increase in the number of BNLRN hires and first-year retention rates. Leadership implications are vast; understanding workforce trends will innovate the future of nursing education and support for BNLRNs.
    
5. Improving patient outcomes without breaking the bank: The rise in chronic diseases drives the use of novel therapies | 2025 | Healthcare Executive
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   The article focuses on the increasing prevalence of specialty drugs, with three-quarters of FDA-approved drugs in 2023 falling into this category. Topics include the rising cost of gene therapies, the challenges healthcare providers face in improving access to these expensive treatments, and creative solutions like partnerships to reduce costs and improve patient care.
    
6. Emergency department boarding reflects ongoing strains | 2025 | NEJM Catalyst
   Emergency care has been in the spotlight since patient volume in emergency departments expanded in 2020 with Covid-19 patients, then waned as other ill and injured people avoided hospitals rather than risk exposure to the virus. As the public health emergency eased, ED volumes rebounded with patients who had delayed care in prior years or whose mental health suffered during the stress and isolation of the pandemic. For a current look at emergency care, NEJM Catalyst in November 2024 surveyed its Insights Council, a global group of clinicians, clinical leaders, and executives at health care delivery organizations.
    
7. The role of artificial intelligence in supporting the core mission of nursing | 2025 | The Journal of Nursing Administration
   Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize nursing practice and care delivery by streamlining workflows, enhancing patient insights, and reducing cognitive burden. However, leaders must recognize that the adoption of AI introduces both promise and uncertainty. Nurse leaders must navigate the tension between driving innovation and addressing concerns about ethical implications, reliability, and the need to preserve high-quality, person-centered care. This article examines how leaders can thoughtfully integrate AI to support the core mission of nursing: to protect, promote, and optimize health for patients and communities.
    
8. ‘We listened and supported and depended on each other’: a qualitative study of how leadership influences implementation of QI interventions. | 2025 | BMJ Quality Safety
   There is growing recognition in the literature of the ‘Herculean’ efforts required to bring about change in healthcare processes and systems. Leadership is recognised as a critical lever for implementation of quality improvement (QI) and other complex team-level interventions; however, the processes by which leaders facilitate change are not well understood. The aim of this study is to examine ‘how’ leadership influences implementation of QI interventions.
    
9. How to develop your leadership style | 2025 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   Bosses often sense that something is missing in an employee's tool kit but can't put a finger on what it is. They say something like "You need certain important intangibles" or "You don't have enough gravitas," but they fail to provide advice or guidance. What they're talking about is leadership style. In every interaction, we send signals to others that fall into two categories: power and attractiveness. Powerful markers are associated with confidence, competence, charisma, and influence but also arrogance, abrasiveness, and intimidation. Attractiveness markers are related to agreeableness, approachability, and likability but also diffidence, lack of confidence, and submissiveness. The more consistent our signals, the more distinctive our style. This practical guide offers concrete advice for developing a dynamic and effective leadership style that draws from both types of markers for maximum impact.
    

Multimedia

1. What you're missing by focusing on the average | 2024 | TED Talks - TED@BCG (video)
   Are you looking at the right data when making big decisions? Data deconstructor Sharon Zicherman challenges our reliance on averages, showing how they can be misleading — especially in life-changing moments. By rethinking the way we interpret data, he reveals a smarter approach to assessing risk and making better choices.
    

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. The impact of transformational leadership style on nurses' job satisfaction: An integrative review. | Gebreheart - 2023 | Sage Open Nursing
   The argument about whether leadership style affects nurses’ job satisfaction is centered around the impact of different leadership styles on the work environment and the quality of care provided by nurses. Therefore, this review was primarily aimed at assessing the impact of transformational leadership style on the job satisfaction of hospital nurses.
    
2. 'What matters to staff programme': Eight steps to improve staff well-being at work| Turner - 2025 | BMJ Lead
   The What Matters to Staff programme was designed at the Royal Free Hospital to address a key priority of improving workforce well-being. The initial aim was to set up a programme that responded to what mattered to staff and could be spread to 70 teams across the hospital within 2 years. Over the past 2 years, the programme has given staff the opportunity to have their voice heard and has supported leaders to ask, listen and do what matters most for their teams. This has led to improved workforce metrics and the programme being widely scaled and spread.
    
3.  Leaders shouldn’t try to do it all | Lafley - 2025 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   The authors, a former CEO of Procter & Gamble and a former dean of the Rotman School, respectively, frequently find themselves sitting across the table from overwhelmed leaders. These executives are trying to improve or turn around an organization or the piece of it they head. They all face a long—and typically lengthening—list of important items on their to-do lists. They all understand that the job of a leader involves working intensely hard. But for many of them the current state feels like too much—and it's getting worse. The problem here is that whereas a company can always expand capacity to meet increasing demand, a leader's hours are constrained by nature: As the saying goes, there are only so many hours in a day. Many leaders think they can get more done if they simply work harder and longer. But in due course they tire, their overall productivity falls, and they risk burning themselves out and exiting. In this article the authors, drawing on their own experience and that of CEOs they have advised, explain how to escape that trap.
    
4. Understanding what leaders can do to facilitate healthcare workers' feeling valued: Improving our knowledge of the strongest burnout mitigator| Stillman - 2024 | BMJ Lead
   Feeling valued is a striking mitigator of burnout yet how to facilitate healthcare workers (HCWs) feeling valued has not been adequately studied. This study discovered factors relating to HCWs feeling valued so leaders can mitigate burnout and retain their workforce.
    
5. What is the impact of leaders with emotional intelligence on proxy performance metrics in 21st century healthcare? -A systematic literature review | Chaudry - 2024 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
   To manage the employee experience, leaders must deeply understand employees' perceptions, feelings, and desires and respond thoughtfully. This is particularly crucial when immense resources are invested in gathering employee feedback through pulse surveys, town halls, and data scraping from internal communications. But leaders are often overwhelmed by the data and struggle to translate it into actionable insights. The authors conducted detailed interviews with executives and HR leaders from more than 20 multinational companies in sectors such as technology, financial services, and consumer goods. Their work reveals that although technology has simplified the collection of data, the real challenge lies in making sense of it and integrating it into a coherent strategy.
    
6. Guidance for successful healthcare transformation: A systematic review of change management practices and outcomes | Hastings- 2025 | Australian Journal of Management
   The increasing pace of healthcare transformation places emphasis on how to enact it. However, there is a difference between healthcare commentators and policymakers regarding preferred change management practice; policy guidance is rooted in diagnostic practices, whereas  commentators suggest that dialogic is a more appropriate practice for ensuring success. What is missing from this debate is evidence to inform whether commentators’ suggestions will increase the likelihood of successful transformation outcomes. This study presents a systematic review of change management practices and outcomes, identifying 10 papers that report on 292 cases of transformation. It finds broad support that dialogic increases the likelihood of successful transformation, providing supporting evidence for updating healthcare policy and practice.
    
7. How to marry process management and AI | Davenport- 2025 | Harvard Business Review 
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   Process management, which swept the business world in the 1990s and then fell out of favor, is experiencing a renaissance, thanks to AI. The two reinforce each other: AI helps firms significantly scale up improved processes, and well-managed processes make it easier to obtain the high-quality data needed to train AI. Combining them can generate huge productivity gains—but it requires a lot of change management. In this article the authors outline seven steps companies can follow to bring together people, data, analytics, and technology—in particular, AI—to revamp processes and achieve increasingly higher business performance
    

Multimedia

1. Leading from within: Cultivating effective leadership and followership in health care | 2025 | NEJM Catalyst (article with audio)
   This discussion highlights the importance of recognizing that everyone can engage in leading within their roles, while also addressing the crucial skills of followership and the need for clarity in leadership roles to foster effective teamwork and improve patient outcomes.
   
   
2. Addressing mental health disparities among racial and ethnic minorities | 2024 |American Hospital Association - Advancing Health (podcast)
   We humans are a social species, and so it’s not surprising that we care a lot about what other people think of us. It’s also not surprising that many of us stumble when we try to manage others’ views of us. This week, organizational psychologist Alison Fragale explains why that is, and offers better ways to win friends and influence people.

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. Health care leadership in the AI era: A seventh test for the decade | Lee - 2024 | NEJM Catalyst
   AI poses challenges and opportunities that require qualitative change in the skills of leaders of health care organizations. It remains essential that leaders have expertise in operational excellence and strategy, but now they must add management of “breakthrough innovation” and leadership of the culture change necessary to take full advantage of AI. AI has the potential to help address several of the “problems with no solution” that currently challenge health care. Leaders who can move quickly and effectively will bring their organizations important competitive advantage.
    
2. Effectiveness of individual-based strategies to reduce nurse burnout: An umbrella review. | Hsu - 2024 | Journal of Nurse Management
   This umbrella review aims to comprehensively synthesize and analyze the findings of available systematic reviews on the effectiveness of individual-based strategies for reducing nurse burnout occurring in hospital-based settings.
    
3. Work-related impacts on doctors' mental health: A qualitative study exploring organisational and systems-level risk factors| Lunnay - 2024 | BMJ Open
   This study highlights how doctors experience layers of interconnected factors that compromise their mental health but over which they have very little control. Interventions must therefore address these issues at organisational and systemic levels, for which starting points evident within our data are identified.
    
4.  We're still lonely at work | Noonan Hadley - 2024 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   In recent years, the huge impact that work loneliness is having on healthcare costs, absenteeism, and turnover has received widespread attention. Despite growing awareness, the problem remains, with one in five employees worldwide feeling lonely at work. In this article, the authors debunk myths about work loneliness, such as the belief that in-person work or team assignments can solve the issue. They emphasize that loneliness is not just a personal problem but also an organizational one, influenced by the work environment. Practical actions that employers can take to reduce work loneliness include measuring loneliness, designing slack in workflows, creating a culture of connection, and building social activities into the rhythm of work. Simple activities like communal lunches and happy hours are particularly appreciated by employees of all types. Work loneliness is an epidemic, but a cure is within reach, the authors contend. By helping employees make social connections, companies build a happier, healthier, and more productive workforce.
    
5. Characteristics of leadership competency in nurse managers: A scoping review | Perez-Gonzalez- 2024 | Journal of Nursing Management
   This article aims to identify the characteristics of leadership competency for the nurse manager and describe the most cited leadership styles in the literature.
    
6. Implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings: A scoping review | Hassan - 2024 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
   To manage the employee experience, leaders must deeply understand employees' perceptions, feelings, and desires and respond thoughtfully. This is particularly crucial when immense resources are invested in gathering employee feedback through pulse surveys, town halls, and data scraping from internal communications. But leaders are often overwhelmed by the data and struggle to translate it into actionable insights. The authors conducted detailed interviews with executives and HR leaders from more than 20 multinational companies in sectors such as technology, financial services, and consumer goods. Their work reveals that although technology has simplified the collection of data, the real challenge lies in making sense of it and integrating it into a coherent strategy
    
7. Practice being a leader with vision | Steinbock - 2024 | Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing
   Successful leaders who consistently make great decisions are skilled at seeing and considering a 
   diverse set of options. This column explores how maintaining a broad field of vision helps leaders recognize possibilities and offers an exercise for practicing and developing this skill
    

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. Exploring the dimensions of authentic leadership and its impact on nursing outcomes : An integrative review | Huges - 2024 | Nursing Mangement
   Based on this comprehensive literature review, a clear and compelling body of evidence illustrates the substantial influence of authentic leadership to positively impact nurse well-being, quality of work culture and environment dynamics, and patient safety and quality outcomes.
    
2. Your team members aren't participating in meetings. Here's what to do. | Valasquez - 2024 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   This article discusses the issue of low team participation in meetings and provides strategies for leaders to address this problem. Research has shown that many people find meetings unproductive and leaders often lack formal training on how to conduct effective meetings. The article suggests that leaders should focus on fostering a safe and inclusive team culture by understanding individual and group dynamics. 
    
3. Mapping leadership, communication and collaboration in short-term distributed teams across various contexts: A scoping review | Morian - 2024 | BMJ Open
   Increased globalisation and technological advancements have led to the emergence of distributed teams in various sectors, including healthcare. However, our understanding of how leadership, communication and collaboration influence distributed healthcare teams remains limited.
    
4. The nurse as coach: Building high performing teams | O'Grady - 2024 | Nursing Administration Quarterly
   The provision of modern health care in the United States faces significant challenges, as evidenced by multiple national reports of a workforce in distress. In response to these challenges, the practice of coaching emerges as a transformative skill, recommended for individuals in high-stress environments. Coaching in health care focuses on developing nurses and building teams by fostering self-understanding, deploying strengths, improving relational strategies, and gaining moral clarity. It serves as a potent strategy for nurse leaders to navigate the complexities of their systems. This paper explores the practice of coaching as an important mindset and skill. A coaching mindset is characterized by trust, deep listening, curiosity, embracing both/and thinking, discernment over judgment, and fosters an environment where nurses can flourish. 
    
5. Unequal treatment: Disparities in care continue | Wilkins - 2024 | NEJM Catalyst
   A survey of the NEJM Catalyst Insights Council finds that views on inequities in care delivery vary according to race and ethnicity.
    
6. Nurse manager success factors: The foundation for succession planning | Magri - 2024 | Nurse Leader
   An estimated 70,000 nurses, including nurse leaders, are expected to retire annually. Proactive succession planning programs are key mitigation strategies for this impending shortage of nurse leaders. Determining success factors that support a program to develop future nurse managers is the first step and lays a foundation for succession planning. Convening focus groups among current nurse managers to identify, in their own words, what it takes to be a successful nurse manager, and mapping those factors to the academic health system behavioral competencies and American Organization for Nursing Leadership manager competencies created the foundation for an established succession planning program.
    
7. Turn employee feedback into action | Burris - 2024 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   To manage the employee experience, leaders must deeply understand employees' perceptions, feelings, and desires and respond thoughtfully. This is particularly crucial when immense resources are invested in gathering employee feedback through pulse surveys, town halls, and data scraping from internal communications. But leaders are often overwhelmed by the data and struggle to translate it into actionable insights. The authors conducted detailed interviews with executives and HR leaders from more than 20 multinational companies in sectors such as technology, financial services, and consumer goods. Their work reveals that although technology has simplified the collection of data, the real challenge lies in making sense of it and integrating it into a coherent strategy
    
8. A pragmatic approach to assessing supervisor leadership capability to support healthcare worker well-being | Dyrbye - 2024 | Journal of Healthcare Management 
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN)
   Goal: We sought to build upon previous studies that have demonstrated how healthcare workers' ratings of their immediate supervisor's leadership capabilities relate to their well-being and job satisfaction.
   
   
   

Multimedia

1. Empowering women in healthcare: Leadership and insights | Healthcare Executive (Podcast)
   Jessica Long, COO, and Rachel Thompson, MD, CMO, Core Clinical Partners, discuss their career journeys, the future of healthcare leadership for women and the essential skill needed to be successful in the field.
   
   
2. How to win people over | Hidden Brain (Podcast)
   We humans are a social species, and so it’s not surprising that we care a lot about what other people think of us. It’s also not surprising that many of us stumble when we try to manage others’ views of us. This week, organizational psychologist Alison Fragale explains why that is, and offers better ways to win friends and influence people.

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. Coaching to develop leadership of healthcare managers: a mixed-methods systematic review | Hu - 2024 - BMC Medical Education 
   Coaching is commonly used to facilitate leadership development among healthcare managers. However, there is limited knowledge of the components of coaching interventions and their impacts on healthcare managers’ leadership development. This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence of coaching to develop leadership among healthcare managers.
   
   
2. A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing Supervisor Leadership Capability to Support Healthcare Worker Well-Being | Dyrbye - 2024 | Journal of Healthcare Management
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   We sought to build upon previous studies that have demonstrated how healthcare workers’ ratings of their immediate supervisor’s leadership capabilities relate to their well-being and job satisfaction
   
   
3. Racism, Equity, and Inclusion: Can Clinical Simulation Train Health Care Workers to Build an Anti-Racism Culture?|  Aga -2024 | NEJM Catalyst
   Clinical care delivery continues to suffer from biased social norms, stigma, and racism. Innovative approaches to being prepared for these experiences when they arise are needed. The goal of the HealthPartners Institute’s Clinical Simulation program is, in part, to train clinicians and newly graduated registered nurses entering clinical practice to be prepared for racist care delivery encounters and to implement anti-racism interventions as part of their daily work. A component of the initiative is an educational, instructor-led clinical simulation modality that includes a curriculum with application scenarios. In addition, after the simulation scenarios, a debrief session ensures the opportunity for reflection (as individuals and care team members), discussion (to tease apart distinct ideas/elements), and dialogue (to bring together insights for a shared perspective). Participants express support for this simulation methodology in trainings designed to support anti-racism as well as other stigmas and biases.
   
   
4. The Psychology Behind Meeting Overload. | Whillans -2024 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   This article presents psychological pitfalls that lead to the scheduling and attending of too many meetings in the workplace and how to avoid this meeting overload. Topics include overcoming the fear of missing out in the context of meetings, incentivizing hitting deadlines without check-in meetings, and the mere urgency effect.
   
   
5. Examining the Relationship between Workplace Fun and Innovative Behavior among Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Innovation Support and Affective Commitment | Hashemian - 2024 | Journal of Nursing Management  
   Aim. This study investigated the role of cultural, organizational, and managerial support, workplace fun, affective commitment, innovative behavior with innovative output, and also the mediating role of innovative behavior in the framework of a causal model. 
   
   
6. Impact of Collaborative Leadership, Workplace Social Capital, and Interprofessional Collaboration Practice on Patient Safety Climate | Kida - 2024 | Journal of Health Care Quality
   Patient safety climate is an important factor in promoting patient safety for healthcare organizations. This study investigated the relationship between collaborative leadership and patient safety climate, the mediation effect of workplace social capital, or interprofessional collaboration practice.
   
   
7. Stop Playing Favorites | Ginka – 2024 | Harvard Business Review
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   Although most managers believe that they give each of their team members equal attention, respect, and consideration, four decades’ worth of empirical research says otherwise. Studies show that nearly all bosses have—or are seen to have—in-groups and out-groups. Employees on the wrong side of these divides experience a reduction in engagement, satisfaction, commitment, citizenship, innovation, and performance. Bosses usually argue that any differentiation is unintended and that their reports are reading too much into minor disparities. Both claims might be true. However, it is the view from below that counts. Perceived unfairness is real in its consequences. Managers should first acknowledge these issues and then work hard to head off or repair conflict. Those who don’t may lose key contributors they’d prefer to retain, exacerbate the challenges presented by underperformers, ruin team performance and morale, and hurt their own reputations. Start by regularly reviewing your treatment of team members. Ask yourself: Did I seek everyone’s company? Did I acknowledge their capabilities? Did I assist their growth? If you are routinely answering no for certain subordinates, they need more attention from you. When a relationship has already gone off the rails, it’s important to rectify the problem: Prepare for a direct conversation, engage empathetically, and then make a plan for how you’ll interact with one another in the future.
   
   
8. Using Artificial Intelligence in Electronic Health Record Systems to Mitigate Physician Burnout: A Roadmap | Fawzy – 2024 – Journal of Healthcare Management
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   Physician burnout, a significant problem in modern healthcare, adversely affects healthcare professionals and their organizations. This essay explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to positively address this issue through its integration into the electronic health record and the automation of administrative tasks. Recent initiatives and research highlight the positive impact of AI assistants in alleviating physician burnout and suggest solutions to enhance physician well-being. By examining the causes and consequences of burnout, the promise of AI in healthcare, and its integration into electronic health record systems, this essay explores how AI can not only reduce physician burnout but also improve the efficiency of healthcare organizations. A roadmap provides a visualization of how AI could be integrated into electronic health records during the previsit, visit, and postvisit stages of a clinical encounter.
   

Multimedia

1. Innovation 2.0: The Influence You Have | Hidden Brain Media (Podcast)
   Think about the last time you asked someone for something. Maybe you were nervous or worried about what the person would think of you. Chances are that you didn’t stop to think about the pressure you were exerting on that person. This week, we continue our Innovation 2.0 series with a 2020 episode about a phenomenon known as as “egocentric bias.” We talk with psychologist Vanessa Bohns about how this bias leads us astray, and how we can use this knowledge to ask for the things we need.
   
   
2. Why Meetings Suck and How to Fix Them | WorkLife with Adam Grant (Podcast)
   Meetings often drain our joy and sap our focus – and meeting overload kills productivity. So why do we have so many of them, and is a better world possible? Adam investigates the science of improving meetings and explores how workplaces are fighting meeting bloat.  

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. Effective Behaviors of Leaders During Clinical Emergencies: A Qualitative Study of Followers' Perspectives – Steinbach – 2024 – Chest
   To manage a clinical emergency effectively, physicians need well-developed leadership skills, yet limited structured leadership training is available for critical care trainees. To develop an effective curriculum, leadership competencies first must be defined. Research Question: “During clinical emergencies, what leadership behaviors do followers value?”
    
2. The Role of Nursing Leadership in Dismantling Racism in Nursing: A Call to Action – Bland -2024 – Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
   Racism is a structural determinant of health that affects mental health outcomes in the United States and globally. Nursing leaders must respond to a call to action to address racism in nursing. The purpose of the current article is to present evidence-based, race-conscious strategies for nurses in leadership roles to identify, challenge, and mitigate racism in nursing education and practice. Building on a theoretical framework, we share essential diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategies for dismantling racism in nursing. These DEI strategies include: (1) critical self-reflection, (2) mutual respect and recognition, (3) challenging White privilege, (4) leveraging available resources, (5) intentional advocacy/strategic planning, and (6) continuing education. The work of this American Nurses Association (ANA)–Illinois DEI Expert Panel is presented as an example of a statewide initiative to promote a greater understanding of the global history of racialization and challenge nursing leaders to act now to eliminate the contemporary effects of racism in the nursing profession. To truly challenge and mitigate racist practices, nursing leadership must be proactively engaged and have a strategic action plan in place to confront structural racism.
   
   
3. Developing Leadership Competencies for an Uncertain Future – Friedman – 2024 - Healthcare Executive
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   The article focuses on the need for healthcare leaders to proactively prepare for future uncertainties by developing new leadership competencies. Topics include fostering emotional and social intelligence, thinking holistically about organizational systems, and addressing the need for strategic workforce development through mentoring and executive coaching.
   
   
4. New Rules for Teamwork – Dawson – 2024 - Harvard Business Review 
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   Not that long ago, teams were typically composed of people with similar skills working in the same place. Their efforts were based on the idea that by working together in a well-managed process, they could deliver replicable results. Today, companies of all types are called on to demonstrate integrated, cross-functional, project-based teamwork in their operations. New ideas about teamwork are emerging, some based on experience, some guided by new practices, some made up on the fly. But none of this has yet cohered into a systematic approach to improving how teams work. In this article, the authors set out new principles of teamwork that focus on continuous, real-time testing, learning, analysis, adaptation, and improvement.
   
   
5. Secrets of Successful Delegation – Pollock – 2024 - Supervision
   (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   This article discusses the benefits of delegation in improving productivity and identifying leaders within a department. It addresses common reasons why managers may be reluctant to delegate, such as fear of failure or fear of their employees being promoted. The article provides a seven-step approach to effective delegation, including delegating the right function, planning the job, establishing standards, implementing feedback and control procedures, selecting the right person, creating an assignment description, and giving the assignment. The article also touches on the importance of considering the company's perspective when making employee transfers and provides tips for hiring key personnel. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of being helpful to others and provides a self-evaluation checklist to determine if one is qualified to offer assistance. Lastly, the article encourages individuals to seek out responsibility as a way to demonstrate self-confidence and stand out from their peers.
    
6. Diversifying Healthcare Leadership in the US – Dolinta – 2024 - Nursing Management 
   Fostering a diverse and inclusive healthcare leadership workforce requires that organizations and individuals proactively assess and reduce existing barriers. Diverse healthcare leadership is integral to addressing population disparities and achieving health equity.
   
   
7. Nursing Leaders’ Knowledge and Awareness of Bullying and Lateral Violence: A Qualitative Study – Luca – 2024 – Sage Open Nursing
   Bullying and lateral violence are prevalent phenomena within the nursing profession, exerting significant impacts on patient safety, the nursing profession and the organisation. The pivotal role of nurse leaders is paramount in both the prevention and resolution of these issues.
    
8. Insights Report - Unequal Treatment: Disparities in Care Continue – Wilkins – 2024 – NEJM Catalyst
   A survey of the NEJM Catalyst Insights Council finds that views on inequities in care delivery vary according to race and ethnicity.

Multimedia

1. Are You Ready to Be a Leader? (hbr.org) | HBR on Leadership Podcast 
   What distinguishes a leader? How do you know if you’re ready to lead? And how do you make the transition into a leadership role?

   The shift from being part of a team to leading one isn’t like flipping a switch. It’s a process, and it can be awkward. It can be especially difficult your identity differs from other leaders in your organization — for example, if you’re a young leader in an organization dominated by older leaders, or a woman in a male-dominated organization.

   In this episode, two leadership coaches, Amy Su and Muriel Wilkins of Paravis Partners, explain how to develop a leadership presence that’s both authentic to you and resonates with others. You’ll also learn some deeper questions to ask yourself during your transition into leadership.

2. How to talk about mental health at work (Transcript) (ted.com) (Podcast)
   On this show, we believe that meaningful change happens fast. Anything is fixable and good solutions are usually just a single brave conversation away.

Welcome to Leadership in the Literature, a roundup of recent articles/multimedia on leading and managing from Allina Health Library Services

1. ‘I need support in becoming the leader I would like to be’ – A qualitative descriptive study of nurses newly appointed to positions of leadership - Skarstein - 2024 - Nursing Open
   The aim of the study was to understand the experiences of nurses who were newly appointed to a position of leadership including facilitators and barriers to success and what they considered important for the development of their role.
    
2. Daily strengths use and work performance: A self‐determination perspective - Moore - 2024 - Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
   Drawing on self-determination theory, this study examines how using personal strengths at work in the morning is associated with different types of performance throughout the workday. Momentary satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence are proposed as mechanisms that differentially link strengths use to four different performance outcomes: task accomplishment, goal attainment, organizational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behaviour.
   
   
3. Autism spectrum disorder in the workplace: A position paper to support an inclusive and neurodivergent approach to work participation and engagement -Zhou – 2024- Discover Psychology 
   Autistic individuals often experience a wide range of barriers and challenges with employment across their lifetime. Despite their strengths and abilities to contribute to the workforce, many individuals experience unemployment, underemployment and malemployment. However, current supports and services are often inadequate to meet their needs. To allow autistic people to achieve vocational success, we explore four contributors to employment and expand upon the issues and potential solutions to each. 
   
   
4. When your employee feels angry, sad, or dejected: The right-and wrong way to respond – Bradley – Harvard Business Review (Available in MN only, email library@allina.com for a copy outside of MN). 
   Dealing with the negative emotions of employees isn’t easy, but knowing what to do or say can make a huge difference to their well-being, the quality of your relationships with them, and team performance. The trouble is, many leaders fail to respond at all because they think discussing emotions at work is unprofessional or worry they don’t have the right to intervene in personal matters. That’s a mistake. Research shows that teams whose leaders acknowledge members’ emotions perform significantly better than teams whose leaders don’t. In this article the authors offer a road map for providing employees emotional support.
   
   
5. How to use communities of practice to support change in learning health systems: A landscape of roles and guidance for management - Brooks - 2024 - Learning Health Systems Communities of practice support evidence-based practice and can be, in and of themselves, applied learning spaces in organizations. However, the variety of ways that communities of practice can support learning health systems are poorly characterized. Furthermore, health system leaders have little guidance on designing and resourcing communities of practice to effectively serve learning health systems.
   
   
6. A new paradigm for nurse leader decision making within complex adaptive systems – Watson – 2024 - Nursing Administration Quarterly
   Health care is a complex and ever-changing environment for nurse leaders and other health care industry decision-makers. The prevailing leadership and decision-making models, rooted in Industrial Age principles, often struggle to adapt to the complexities of modern health care. This article explores the foundations of complexity science and its application to health care decision-making, highlighting the importance of understanding systems dynamics and embracing complexity. 
   
   
7. Proactive behaviors and health care workers: A systematic review – Lai – 2024 - Health Care Management Review
   Proactive behaviors at work refer to discretionary actions among workers that are self-starting, change oriented, and future focused. Proactive behaviors reflect the idiosyncratic actions by individual workers that shape the delivery and experience of professional services, highlight a bottom-up perspective on workers’ agency and motivation that can influence organizational practices, and are associated with a variety of employee and organizational outcomes.

Multimedia

1. When your employee Is underperforming | Harvard Business Review IdeaCast (podcast)
   Many managers struggle with initiating difficult conversations around an individual’s subpar performance. Often, leaders wait way too long to sit down with an employee who isn’t meeting expectations. Leadership coach Jenny Fernandez says that increasing the frequency of feedback and consciously developing better relationships with direct reports help make these conversations easier to start. And she shares how the right preparation, tone, and open-minded approach lead to more effective discussions that improve not just the one-on-one relationship, but also team morale and turnover rates. 
    
2. Valerie Montgomery Rice: How to break through fear and become a leader | TED Talk (video)
   Vigilance. Grit. Resilience. Valerie Montgomery Rice, the president and CEO of Morehouse School of Medicine, shares where she learned these key qualities of successful leadership, offering three lessons for anyone who wants to overcome their fears, stand up for what’s right and build opportunity for all.